Penolakan Tiongkok Dalam Memenuhi Kebutuhan Suku Cadang Pesawat Rusia: Perspektif Chinese School
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36722/jaiss.v4i1.1826Abstrak
Penelitian ini berfokus untuk memahami penolakan Tiongkok dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pasokan suku cadang pesawat Rusia dengan berdasarkan kepada perspektif Chinese School, khususnya teori realisme moral yang diperkenalkan oleh Yan Xuetong. Tindakan penolakan yang dilakukan Tiongkok menjadi sebuah anomali, mengingat Tiongkok dan Rusia merupakan dua negara yang memiliki hubungan sebagai mitra dalam berbagai organisasi dan forum Internasional serta merupakan dua negara yang sangat aktif menentang hegemoni dunia Barat pada ranah internasional. Dengan menggunakan salah satu konsep yang ditawarkan oleh teori realisme moral yaitu jenis kepemimpinan internasional, dapat dipahami bahwa Tiongkok menganggap dirinya sebagai negara wang atau wangquan (王æƒ). Berdasarkan konsep tersebut, Tiongkok dalam hal ini berupaya memastikan kepemimpinnya melalui moralitas, sehingga dapat membentuk stabilitas pada tatanan internasional. Identitas Tiongkok sebagai negara wang tersebutlah yang kemudian membuat Tiongkok memilih untuk menolak membantu Rusia sebagai bentuk dari pelestarian terhadap norma non-intervensi pada ranah internasional.
Kata kunci: Tiongkok, Rusia, Chinese School, Realisme Moral
Referensi
Acharya, A. (2019). From heaven to earth: ‘Cultural idealism’and ‘moral realism’as Chinese contributions to global international relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(4): 467-494.(doi: 10.1093/cjip/poz014), [Online]
Ansori, F. (2018). Pusat Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia: Refleksi dan Proyeksi Hubungan Sosial Budaya China-Indonesia. Jurnal Al-Azhar Indonesia Seri Humaniora, 4(1), 11-16. (http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sh.v4i1.246). [Online]
Bakry, U. S. (2016). Metode penelitian Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Bakry, U. S. (2016). Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Bakry, U. S. (2017). Dasar-Dasar Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta: Kencana.
Bellacqua, J. (2007). China-Russia. Relations in the Early 21st Century. Virginia: Center For Naval Analysis.
Benfield, J. A., & Szlemko, W. J. (2006). Internet-based data collection: Promises and realities. Journal of Research Practice, 2(2), hal. 1-15.
Bin, Y. (2011). China-Russia relations: Between geo-economics and geo-politics. Comparative Connections, 13(3): hal. 129.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40. (doi 10.3316/QRJ0902027), [Online]
Dobrynskaya, V., & Turkisch, E. (2010). Economic diversification and Dutch disease in Russia. Post-Communist Economies, 22(3), 283-302. (http://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2010.498680). [Online]
Ferdinand, P. (2011). Sino-Russian relations: an analytical overview. Dalam Moshes, A., & Nojonen, M. (Ed.), Russia-China Relations: current state, alternative futures, and implications for the West. Helsinki: Ulkopoliittinen Inst: hal.22-37.
Gerson, M. (2010). The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict-Deterrence, Escalation, and the Threat of Nuclear War in 1969.Virginia: Center For Naval Analysis.
Gusarova, S. (2019). Role of China in the development of trade and FDI cooperation with BRICS countries. China Economic Review,57,101271.(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.01.010). [Online]
Hasanah, H. (2017). Teknik-teknik observasi (sebuah alternatif metode pengumpulan data kualitatif ilmu-ilmu sosial). At-Taqaddum, 8(1), 21-46. (doi: 10.21580/at.v8i1.1163) , [Online]
Hutabarat, G. F. I. (2022). Arah Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Pasca Perang Rusia-Ukraina Berdasarkan Perspektif National Interest. Jurnal Al Azhar Indonesia Seri Ilmu Sosial 3(3), 154-163. (http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/jaiss.v3i3.132). [Online]
Iliev, A., Ivanova, E., & Petreski, D. (2015). USSR-China relations in the Cold and post Cold war era. Wulfenia Journal, 22(3):, hal. 313-326.
Izzalqurny, T. R., & Nabila, F. (2021). Apakah Paradigma Nonpossitivsm (Interpretif, Kritis dan Posmodernis) dalam Akuntansi†Ilmiah�. MAKSIMUM: Media Akuntansi Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, 11(1), 13-26. (https://doi.org/10.26714/), [Online]
Kaczmarski, M. (2017). Non-western visions of regionalism: China's New Silk Road and Russia's Eurasian economic Union. International Affairs, 93(6), 1357-1376.(doi: 10.1093/ia/iix182). [Online]
Krivokhizh, S., & Soboleva, E. (2017). The Past Serving the Present: Yan Xuetong’s Theory of Moral Realism and the Future of the Global Order. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 61(11), 76-84.(https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-11-76-84). [Online]
Lai, H. H. (2005). Contrasts in China and Soviet reform: Subâ€national and national causes. Asian Journal of Political Science, 13(1), 1-21. (https://doi.org/10.1080/028), [Online]
Laumulin, M. (2006). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization as ‘geopolitical Bluff’? A View from Astana. Russie. Nei. Visions, 12(1): hal. 1-20.
Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of The People's Republic Of China (2022, Februari, 28). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on February 28, 2022.https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202202/t20220228_10646378.html
Nasution, E. D., & Raudia, Z. (2022, December). Analysis of Russian War Violations in the 2022 Ukrainian Conflict Based on the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law. In International Conference on Sustainable Innovation on Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences (pp. 361-374). Atlantis Press
Nemeth, M. (2021). The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict of 1969. Open Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 242-250. (doi: 10.4236/ojps.2021.112016) , [Online]
Pamungkas, A. C., Alunaza, H., Shafitri, D. N., & Putri, A. (2022). Implikasi Sanksi Ekonomi Bagi Rusia Terhadap Potensi Eskalasi Harga Minyak Dan Gas Alam Pada Distribusi Pasar Dunia. Journal of International Relations (JoS), 1(2): hal. 50-66.
Pamungkas, H. Y. (2011).â€Kehadiran Armada Militer Amerika Serikat Pada Sengketa Kepulauan Spratlyâ€. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Jember.
Pandey, D. K., & Kumar, R. (2022). Russia-Ukraine War and the global tourism sector: A 13-day tale. Current Issues in Tourism, 19. (https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2081789).[Online]
Perry, E. J. (2019). Making communism work: sinicizing a soviet governance practice. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 61(3), 1-28. (doi:10.1017/S001), [Online]
Priangani, A. (2015). Perkembangan Brics (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) Dalam Kancah Ekonomi Politik Global. Jurnal Kebangsaan, 4(7): hal.35-39.
Rahardjo, M. (2018). Paradigma interpretif. Malang: UIN Malang
Reuters. (2022, Maret, 10) . Russia Says China Refuses Supply Aircraft Parts After Sanctions. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/russia-says-china-refuses-supply-aircraft-parts-after-sanctions-2022-03-10/
Rosyidin, M. (2020). Teori Hubungan Internasional: Dari Perspektif Klasik Sampai Non-Barat. Depok: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Shevtsova, M. (2022). Looking for Stepan Bandera: The Myth of Ukrainian Nationalism and the Russian ‘Special Operation’. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 16(3), 132150. (https://doi.org/10.51870/GWWS9820).[Online]
Sugiyono, P. (2015). Metode penelitian kombinasi (mixed methods). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Syahbuddin, S., & Haryati, T. (2022). Kompleksitas Konflik Ukraina-Rusia. Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 12(1), 39-48.(https://doi.org/10.37630/jpi.v12i1.617).[Online]
Tsygankov, A. P. (2013). The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain “the Russian Bearâ€. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46(1),179-188. (https://doi.org/10.1016/). [Online]
Ugoala, B. (2022). Power in words: An Analysis of the Flaming Devices in President Vladimir Putin’ s Speech Before the February, 2022 Attack on Ukraine. KIU Journal of Humanities, 7(2): hal.171-179.
Xuetong, Y. (2011). Ancient Chinese thought, modern Chinese power. In Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Xuetong, Y. (2019). Leadership and the rise of great powers. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Yaqing, Q. (2010). International society as a process: Institutions, identities, and China’s peaceful rise. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(2), 129-153. (doi:10.1093/cjip/poq007). [Online]
Zhang, F. (2012). The Tsinghua approach and the inception of Chinese theories of international relations. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 5(1), 73-102.( doi:10.1093/cjip/por015), [Online]
Zhuangzhi, S. (2007). The Relationship between China and Central Asia. Eager eyes fixed on Eurasia), Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University.
